An Assignment on sainsbury

Question: A task on sainsbury's examining the wellsprings of salary, contemplations considered by the board when picking sort of fund. Computing WACC dependent on 2014 asset report. Issues that may be experienced by organization. Answer: Presentation In this report we are going to examine with respect to WACC which is a significant piece of capital structure or we can say helps in taking capital structure choice, the different outer wellsprings of money components to be remembered while settling on selection of kinds of account. The computation of WACC is required as co needs to raise its capital at most reduced conceivable cost yield better yield. John Pemberton was an American drug specialist who created Coca cola in 1886 it was sold in 1888 to an agent who advanced the beverage among open by selling free items alongside it, for example, schedules, tickers and so on in 1895 coca cola was begun selling in bottles so it could be expended wherever by the client. In 1917 the fare of coca cola was begun right off the bat in Cuba, France Puerto Rico and so on. After that numerous huge limited time battles were propelled in 1920s, for example, Olympic Games in Amsterdam, bullfighting match-ups in Spain and so on. There are close around 400 refreshment brands of coca cola, for example, Fanta, Sprite, Minute house keeper and so forth propelled in numerous nations. (Cleveland, 1995) Wellsprings of account Outer wellsprings of account It alludes to fund-raising from sources outside the business. It incorporates present moment, long haul just as medium term account. Momentary account: Bank overdraft This office is accessible to specialists having current records with banks. Bank gives credit to the specialists which are more than the equalization in their record. Such development given by the bank is chosen before as bank gives a breaking point to the specialists whoused it to meet his momentary liabilities as he can overdraw sum up as far as possible permitted by the bank.(Annon, 2008) Exchange Credit It alludes to permitting credit to clients or giving them effortlessness period to make installment for the buys made by them. Beauty period might be of 60 days, 90 days relying on the nature kind of organization.(Mike, 1996) Calculating This office is utilized when business is in critical need of money. They get the bill limited by offering it to a calculating organization aftereffect of which figuring organization will presently gather cash from the client. Medium Term Recruit Purchase It alludes to purchasing an advantage by making not many installments as up front installment balance in portions over some undefined time frame concurred under recruit buy contract. Intrigue will likewise be charged on these installments.(Ehsan, 2006) Renting It includes utilization of an advantage by renter however responsibility for resource isn't moved. The renter will make the installment to lessor till the time the benefit is utilized by him as lease Long haul Bank Loan It includes getting credit from bank for longer period by giving protection from that advance. Business is required to reimburse this credit in portions alongside intrigue. Offer Issue it includes open constrained co giving offers up to approved capital while private restricted organizations giving offers to their current investors. Deals and rent back It includes making a deal to Investment Company at that point rents back this property after a significant stretch of time for utilizing it into the business. Basic assessment of different wellsprings of account The drawn out money gives changeless wellspring of capital as it includes fixed measure of return which will be paid to financial specialists whether there are benefits or not however in some cases it tends to be an issue for the organization to make premium payments.(Natalie, 2012) In medium term fund renting can give advantage as resource isn't required to be bought can be utilized by business. Be that as it may, now and then expense of renting resource can be more than cost of buying the advantage. In the event of transient accounts bank overdraft office gave is valuable as it is adaptable cutoff can be changed whenever according to the requirements of business. Be that as it may, loan fees of banks might be high they may request reimbursement at short notification which may make issue for the business. Variables affecting Capital Structure choices Income Position For making venture it is important to check income position of the organization as money is required for making premium installment just as reimbursement of head amount.(Saritha, 2009) Intrigue inclusion proportion (ICR) Despite the fact that this proportion isn't considered as proper factor while settling on capital structure choice yet at the same time it is considered to decide the profit accessible for making interest installments. Obligation Service Coverage Ratio-DSCR: The shortcoming of ICR is overwhelmed by DSCR proportion as this proportion helps in deciding the money accessible for making installments. This proportion mirrors the obligation paying limit of the organization. Rate of profitability ROI This is another factor to be thought of while making venture as more noteworthy ROI will decide the obligation limit of the organization. Cost of Debt It decides the limit of the organization to take obligations. Thus it ought to be remembered while deciding capital structure.(H, 2011) Assessment rate It helps in deciding the obligation cost which will diminish on the off chance that expense rate increments. Cost of value It is reliant on usage of obligation capital as it will increment with expanded utilization of obligation capital. This will likewise expand the danger of value investors Floatation Costs: It alludes to use caused while giving protections, for example, financiers, business commission and so on the floatation cost of value capital is more than obligation capital. Hazard appraisal There can be working dangers and monetary dangers. Hazard factor must be remembered while taking capital structure choices. Adaptability: Capital structure ought to be adaptable as equipped for changing in measure of capital. Capital sum can be expanded or diminished however decline in sum is conceivable just if there should arise an occurrence of obligation capital. There is no reimbursement in the event of value share capital. Henceforth we can say that issue of obligation capital inclination capital is preferable.(Zane, 2003) Control: Capital structure is likewise impacted by control as it must be remembered that enthusiasm of investors ought not be influenced while taking speculation choices. It is smarter to raise capital through obligation as it won't influence the control position of the organization. Administrative Framework: The guidelines gave by government must be followed while settling on capital structure choices. For instance mandatory prerequisite of the organization to keep up obligation value proportion while raising capital Estimation of WACC Weighted Average expense of capital is the rate offered by the organization for making installments to security holders for financing the benefits of the company.The resources are financed through obligation value. WACC which is likewise called as cost of capital of firm is determined by utilizing following formula.(Annon, 2015) It will likewise help in deciding the enthusiasm paying limit of the organization against its accounts. Following is the equation for figuring WACC: WACC= E/(E+D)*Cost of value/(E+D)* cost of debt* (1-Tax rate) Coca Cola co.s returns are higher than its expenses as its expense of capital is roughly 8.32 % when contrasted with ROI which is 14.45%. The progression in better yields will build the worth the development possibilities of the business.(William, 2013) Count of Weights As we realize that obligation value are utilized to back the advantages of the organization, in this manner it is important to compute the loads of value obligation. The market capitalization of coca cola is approx. $ 176085.6 million which is indicated by E. The book estimation of obligation is utilized to figure showcase estimation of obligation by including most recent multi year normal of transient long haul obligation so as to rearrange the count. For the year finishing 2015 the multi year normal of coca cola Companys transient obligation is $20310.4 million while long haul obligation is $19110.4 million. The book esteem is $39408 million. Loads of value = E/E+D =176085.6/(176085.6+39408) = .817 Loads of debt= D/(E+D) = 39408/(176085.6+39408) = .183 Computation of cost of value CAPM model is utilized to compute cost of value according to following formoula: Cost of value = Risk free pace of return+ Beta of asset* (expected return of market-hazard free pace of return.(Franklin, 1996) Hazard free pace of Coca Cola Company is 2.44%, Beta is 1.04, Expected return of market less hazard free pace of return is 8% Cost of value = 2.44+1.04 *(8) = 10.76% Cost of Debt The co.s intrigue cost adding up to $ 479 million book esteem was $39408 million. Subsequently cost of obligation will be 1.23% (483/39408) WACC = .8171*10.76%+.183*1.23*(1-24%) =.0879+.171 =.259 End It tends to be finished up from the over that arrival on speculations are high when contrasted with its expense brought about to raise the capital. Notwithstanding if the profits on speculation is lower when contrasted with its cost it might seriously influence the worth development of business.(Scott, 2007) But then again overabundance quantifiable profits will expand the incentive just as development possibilities of business. Thusly it is suggested that while settling on venture choices previously mentioned factors must be thought of. Along these lines, that it very well may be guaranteed that speculation will yield a better yield. WACC has all the earmarks of being straightforward hypothetically yet it is hard to figure according to handy perspective. WACC instrument is utilized by numerous speculators to take choices with respect to making ventures. Book reference Annon, 2008. https://www.dineshbakshi.com/igcse-gcse-financial matters/private-firm-as-maker and-manager/amendment notes/1296-outer wellsprings of-account. Outside wellsprings of account . Annon, 2015. https://www.gurufocus.com/term/wacc/KO/Weighted%2BAverage%2BCost%2BOf%2BCapital%2B%2528WACC%2529/Coca-Cola%2BCo. Coca-Cola Co (NYSE:KO)WACC. Cleveland, P. S., 1995. The expense of capital : hypothesis estimation. USA: greenwood distributing gathering. Ehsan, N., 2006. Account. Newyork: s.n. Franklin, P.

Borders :: essays research papers

Fringes are ideas which envelop and reject. They exist all over the place. Some are strict obvious physical lines while others go past sight and exist as far as attributes, for example, financial riches, or even humankind. After some time these limits are reclassified and thus change the progression of every day life for the people they impact. Much of the time it is the incredible governments which are in charge of the pen which diagram these representative and physical lines. Anyway as history can demonstrate despite the fact that it is these ground-breaking governments which offer definition to these fringes, it is all the time them (the administrative authorities) who are the ones who cross them.      This misleading trademark is unmitigatedly evident concerning Central America. Both the decision first class and the United States government has encroached upon the numerous degrees of fringes which exist in this piece of the world. Various outrages have been submitted, a great many lives have been broken, endless casualties have endured all because of absence of regard for the outskirts which exist. The sum total of what levels have been contacted; political, monetary, and even human. No framework is sheltered from being encroached upon or even broke in Central America.      While a considerable lot of us may point fingers it is in reality our own one of a kind United States government which has not regarded the political fringes present in this piece of the world. We have ventured into an area around there that we should not be being associated with. Under our government’s oversight, the CIA did an overthrow in Guatemala in which it introduced a self-propagation ace American pack of military crooks who have held force for right around forty years. Their regenerative component has been murder of a huge number of Guatemalams. After this pointless association of the CIA, US national security organizers saw "Cuba as a profoundly inflammable component which unchecked, could spread socialism - presently compatible with revolution" (Landau 30). Because of this President Eisenhower requested the CIA to rehash its ‘success’ in Guatemala. "Throughout the mainland, US police and military counselors worked with torturers, killers and Fascists to curb transformation, however all types of democracy" (Landau 31). Our administration authorities have such outrageous feelings of dread of the uprising of the poor in these countries that it couldn't have cared less strange it was to get included. Their financial speculations and exchange guided our remote relations. They would enter and cross the outskirts of this apparently guiltless third world area of the mainland and mediate paying little heed to the way that they didn't have a place there as in it isn't thier nation and ought not be included.

Friday Afternoon Props

Friday Afternoon Props Here are ten people, groups, and inanimate objects that really deserve some props, and dare I say mad props at that, for genuinely improving my quality of life over the past 48 hours. 1. The Burton-Conner rooming committee, for doing a fantastic job with the in-house reassignment of over 100 freshman across nine floors, rarely needing to sink below third choice for any student. 2. Megan 08 for introducing me to the song Sunshowers by M.I.A. I bongo with my lingo and I beat it like a wing, yo 3. J. P. Licks, the ice cream store of choice of many MIT bloggers, for playing Holland, 1945 by Neutral Milk Hotel while I enjoyed white russian/chocolate chip twist soft serve frozen yogurt last night. The only girl Ive ever loved was born with roses in her eyes. 4. Joe 08, for inviting me to go aquajogging this afternoon. Joe is on the cross-country team, but had his little toe violently crushed by a small Jewish frisbee enthusiast two months ago, so hes aquajogging in the Z-center until its back in running condition. I may not live through this, but its okayat least Ill have something to blog about from the afterlife. 5. Ben, for treating Mitra and me to lunch at Steam Cafe. 6. Some random lady at Steam Cafe, for revealing to me that you can get as much organic brown rice as you can fit on a plate for the low, low price of $.75. All those carbs should give me plenty of strength to aquajog tonight. EAT THAT, DR. ATKINS! 7. Sams Mom, for giving me a seven-minute cellcert of When Doves Cry from Clay Aikens Atlantic City concert. 8. Verizon, for letting you delete your voicemail without listening all the way through. My old phone didnt have that option, and its useful when theres a particularly long message that you dont want to hear all the way through. 9. Daniela, for having a really pleasant conversation with me along the Harvard Bridge last night, even though I only introduced myself to her because I thought she was going somewhere with us. Actually, she just happened to be walking next to somebody in our group. 10. My plug flow reactor, for heating to exactly 250 +/- .5 C at 1000 psi today after three solid days of calibration. Now I can put turkey carcasses in you! and readers like you.

This Critique Will Review The Article “Stock Or Cash The

This critique will review the article â€Å"Stock or Cash? The Trade-Offs for Buyers and Sellers in Mergers and Acquisitions† by Alfred Rappaport Mark L. Sirower. The purpose of this article is to offer managers and stockholders a new way to think through the process of acquiring or selling a company. Also, this article provides insight about when it would be helpful to use cash, stock, or a mixture of both. According to the article, mergers and acquisitions have become a new means for a company to grow. In years previous, mergers were paid for entirely in cash. Now however, mergers are seen being paid for all in stock. This article allows managers and stockholders to ask themselves necessary questions in order to make the decision that is†¦show more content†¦Also, the shareholders of the acquired company can be more vulnerable to decreases in price of stock because they are assuming part of the price risk in this structure. Companies also have the option of using the fixed value of shares structure. By using this structure, the number of shares does not become fixed until the date that the transaction is closed. This means that the proportion of ownership of the company that is continuing is not know until the end of the deal. With this structure, the acquiring company assumes all the price risk from the time the merger is announced until the time the deal is closed. I found this part of the article to be extremely helpful because the authors broke down the types of structure of the exchange of shares in such a way that even though I was never exposed to these different structures, I was able to understand the key difference between the two. I believe this section of the article could provide valuable insight to mangers in order to help decided what structure they should take if they chose to finance using stock. This article also provides helpful questions for both the acquirer and the seller to consider about the use of stocks or cash. The article provided three questions for the acquirer, two that would help them choose between cash or stock, and one to help them choose betweenShow MoreRelatedFin 534 Week 9 Assignment 1 - Financial Research Report1624 Words   |  7 Pagesconsider as an investment opportunity for your client. (Note: Please ensure that you are able to find enough information about this company in order to complete this assignment. You will create an appendix, in which you will insert related information.) The assignment covers the following topics: †¢Rationale for choosing the company for which to invest †¢Ratio analysis †¢Stock price analysis †¢Recommendations Write a ten to fifteen (10-15) page paper in which you: 1. Provide a rationale for the URead MoreFinancial Research665 Words   |  3 Pagesinformation about this company in order to complete this assignment. 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Unanswered Issues With The Mayor of Casterbridge Ap Essay Samples Revealed

Unanswered Issues With The Mayor of Casterbridge Ap Essay Samples Revealed Fate is natural and irony is part of fate. You don't require rhetorical flourishes. Conversely, Henchard does possess some positive facets and for that reason, this means that character isn't directly proportional to fate. The War Against the Mayor of Casterbridge Ap Essay Samples Henchard resolves to earn a new start in life. The ordinary man will have the ability to grasp that the severity of Henchard's impulsivity is unacceptable. This causes people to believe that they have had pre-marital sex. However, during the Victorian Era, various kinds of women began to form. During the next calendar year, Henchard's life gets fairly settled. He explores how personal choice might or might not influence the results of an individual's life. Read all of it on your own and you are going to get hooked. He's not how I thought he'd behe overpowers me! Overall I discovered these interesting. I read this bo ok in college as a portion of a terrific college class I was in. The graders know that you could have to rush to complete the previous question, so don't be scared to abbreviate or write partial sentences in case you must. The student forces the reader to create the connections. However, you've got to understand the content well to compose an excellent responseso get back to studying! This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Analysis The bodily surroundings within this chapter serve to strengthen the dramatic movement of the unpleasant events. He continues this with a terrific number of vocabulary using his education. The prompt vocabulary will say precisely what to do in your essay. The 30-Second Trick for the Mayor of Casterbridge Ap Essay Samples She moved on to a different portion of the area. They're all in a sense moving a portion and, most significantly, on account of the function they've assumed or been made to presume are perceived in various ways. They opt to continue to keep their previous relationship a secret from Elizabeth-Jane. Define each of these rules 2. Look closely at dates and terms. Initially the search is unsuccessful because Michael refuses to spell out the conditions of their parting. In general, this statement can be agreed to a large extent. So that your answer has to be focused. The Honest to Goodness Truth on the Mayor of Casterbridge Ap Essay Samples He is sure that there's ample business for each of them. The manual method makes the procedure too cumbersome, and in the majority of cases houses are allocated in a haphazard fashion, without due procedure, resulting in unfair allocations. This method through its seven steps helps the stakeholders concentrate on the issue and the way to determine suitable solutions. Henchard and Farfrae's once companionable small business partnership starts to decay. He walked down the principal street of the town, stopping at each shop and inn to provide his expert services. She ascended to the peak of the steps. Open to residents in the usa only. Honestly, it's only because you're reading it and methodically g oing through it and picking out stuff that it's so boring. Conversely, it's never morally acceptable to lie to anybody, especially to someone who's as near Henchard as Elizabeth-Jane is. In the beginning the hag doesn't recollect the shameful event. In such files, he found an article describing the selling of a wife via an auction. He hasn't been told by Susan that Elizabeth-Jane isn't really his daughter. The Mayor of Casterbridge turns out to be an intriguing novel, that offers everything modern day critics aspire to keep from the hands of children. He desperately attempts to find Newson, Susan, and Elizabeth-Jane, but nobody knows where they've gone. Farfrae takes the chance to obtain Michael's headquarters and provide a job to Michael. The morning after, Michael awakens.

Relationship between Jason, Tom and Rupert Partnership or Not Free Essays

To answer the question either the nature of relationship between Jason, Tom and Rupert is the partnership relationship or not ,first we need to define what is the partnership? A partnership is the relationship between persons who carry on a business together in common with the view of making a profit. First of all we should consider, Is there any valid agreement between the parties? In this case, Jason, Tom and Rupert have no partnership agreement. The partnership agreement can be oral but it is recommendable to put the agreement in writing because a partnership is a contractual relationship itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Jason, Tom and Rupert: Partnership or Not or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the relationship between them may be not a partnership relationship. However, based on the definition of partnership, there are three essential elements that are required for the existence of a partnership. The following factors have to provide in order to conclude that partnership exist among the parties: Carry on a business In common; and With a view of profit Firstly, we consider, Are the parties carrying on a business? According to the Partnership Act define that business includes trade, occupation and profession and carrying on a business implies some continuity or repetition of action.Jason, Tom and Rupert work together and run a Real Estate Agency which is considered to be a carrying on business with a view of continuity. Secondly, is the business carried on in common? We can say partnership is a branch of agency law because the meaning of partnership means the partners act as agents for each other. Carry on a business in common mean the business must be carry on by, or on behalf of, all the partners. In this case Tom, Jason and Rupert are working together to run a business so they must to take an active role in the affair of business. We can see the case of Checker Taxicab Co Ltd v Stone (1930).The court held that the relationship between the parties was not partnership because it was not a business being carried on by persons in common. The driver hired a taxi car from the owner of a garage so the owner have no control over the driver so that there is no evidence of mutual rights and obligations between owner and driver. Plus working together to form a company is not carry on a business in common, check in case Spicer v Mansell (1970). Come back to the case of Jason, Tom and Rupert, the Real Estate Agency already run a business which is already set up everything and making profit as well.The parties Tom, Jason and Rupert clearly have a common purpose and active role in their company, the proof is company pay them salaries. They involve in the company’s activities such as Jason contact customer and sold the house to Mrs Rogerson and so on. In this circumstance, we can clearly conclude that the parties are carrying on a business in common. Thirdly, are they carrying a business in common with a view of profit? In this rule the business must be established with the intention of making a profit for the partner.Back to the fact, we can see the parties set up everything, open bank account, create trust account. They are running a real estate agency, absolutely with a view of profit. There are another 3 rule to determine when a partnership exists: Co- ownership of property, sharing of gross returns and sharing of profit. However, in this circumstances we should not consider these three rules . b/ In section 11 Partnership Act 1982-Misapplication of money or property received for or in the custody of the firm: â€Å"In the following cases involving general partners in an incorporated limited partnership: a) where one general partner acting within the scope of the general partner’s apparent authority receives the money or property of a third person and misapplies it, (b) when an incorporated limited partnership in the course of its business receives money or property of a third person, and the money or property so received is misapplied by one or more of the general partners while it is in the custody of the incorporated limited partnership, The incorporated limited partnership is liable to make good the loss†According to section 11, the firm and partners are liable for misapplication of money or property but in detail in section 13 say: â€Å"If a partner in a firm other than an incorporated limited partnership being a trustee improperly employs trust proper ty in the business or on account of the partnership, no other partner is liable for the trust property to the persons beneficially interested there in: Provided as follows: (1) This section shall not affect any liability incurred by any partner by reason of the partner’s having notice of a breach of trust, and 2) Nothing in this section shall prevent trust money from being followed and recovered from the firm if still in its possession or under its control. † In this case, Rupert took the decision by him self without discussion and authority of another partner Jason and Tom but he did not use that money for his personal purposes, he used the money to replace the firm’s computer system. Plus he is a person incharge of office equipment, he has a right to maintain the computer system and increase the company assets and the expenses for computer system may replace in a few day as he expected.On the other hand, he is wrong for not following procedure and disregard his partners. If the misapplication of money lead to a big loss or unnecessary expense for the company, Rupert will completely liable to the company and his parties. For Jason and Tom, according to section 11 and 13, if the consequences are not serious and the company still in its possession or under its control, they may not liable. However, the parties normally liable for their partners conduct because liable for wrong is â€Å"joint and several†. So Tom and Jason may liable for Rupert conduct even Rupert took the decision by himself but in common Mrs Rogerson is Jason customer, he should follow up the case and Tom is working within the company he should keep an eye and manage the business as well. See in the big picture, If Tom and Jason so much careless and Rupert do some wrong decision or advice to the customer, as a partners Tom and Jason also liable for his partner conduct. See case Polkinghome v Holland (1934)Question 2 a/ Trustees have a official responsibility to act with honesty and fairness on behalf of the property’s beneficiaries. In this case, there is a lost on those tasked with these responsibilities or we can say the trustee is being â€Å"breach of trust†. The trustee action of sold four of six shops, which are belong to the unit trust holder, to the friend at a price less than the market value is evidently show the dishonestly of the trustee.When this thing happen, as a position of a beneficiary who have a right to apply for court orders under the trustee Acts of each state and territory, the trust holder have the right to inspect trust documents and to receive information from the trustee. As a trustee who will not able to use the trust asset, he also has to act honestly according to his duties including: Keep the proper financial records, Give full and frank disclosure to the beneficiaries of important matters relating to the administration of the trust, Act only within the term of the trust deep, or on instructions from the beneficiariesExercise due care and diligence in the administration of the trust Act fairly between the beneficiaries and, Act only in the interest of the beneficiaries within the term of the trust and avoid conflicts of interest. Base on that duties of the trustee, the trust holder have a right to ask trustee disclose all the financial record show that when and how much he sold the shops to his friend, collect all the proofs for the court and sick for the directions from the court to assist in enforcing the proper administration of the trust.Because the trustee acts in breach of their obligation and duties see the case Scott v Scott (1962) 109 CLR 649, the trust holder can seek relief from the court including: Replace the trustee because the trustee has taken advantage of his position to get his own benefits Windy up the trust An injunction again further breaches to stop the trustee for further more action against the beneficiary. A rescission of a contract entered into by the trusteeThe imposition of a constructive trust over property improper obtained by the trustee and, An account of a profits improperly made by the trustee b/ The situation also like in the case above, the trustee used the property for hi s own use, he withdrew $200,000 and purchase a property in his own name and now it worth $350,000. In this serious problem, it is also a right of the beneficiaries to make the trustees accountable to the trust and to sue the trustee for their acts against the terms of the trust deed.The trust holder can make a claim in damages and compensation. In this case, the property that worth $350,000 should be belong to the trust holder because the trustee use the money from the trust holder property to invest on another property, trustee put non of his own money in, so there is no personal risk see the case of Paul A Davies Pty Ltd v Davies (No 2) [1983] 1 NSWLR 337. Plus he use the money to invest without consult to the trust holder, this is the action of dishonestly and breach of duties How to cite Relationship between Jason, Tom and Rupert: Partnership or Not, Papers

Sample Essay for Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Qu Essays

Sample Essay for Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting So That Nobody Has To Go To School If They Don't Want To by Roger Sipher A decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent indicator that American education is in trouble. One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-attendance laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be there. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic to school that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American. The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend. This will not end public education. Contrary to conventional belief, legislators enacted compulsory-attendance laws to legalize what already existed. William Landes and Lewis Solomon, economists, found little evidence that mandatory-attendance laws increased the number of children in school. They found, too, that school systems have never effectively enforced such laws, usually because of the expense involved. There is no contradiction between the assertion that compulsory attendance has had little effect on the number of children attending school and the argument that repeal would be a positive step toward improving education. Most parents want a high school education for their children. Unfortunately, compulsory attendance hampers the ability of public school officials to enforce legitimate educational and disciplinary policies and thereby make the education a good one. Private schools have no such problem. They can fail or dismiss students, knowing such students can attend public school. Without compulsory attendance, public schools would be freer to oust students whose academic or personal behavior undermines the educational mission of the institution. Has not the noble experiment of a formal education for everyone failed? While we pay homage to the homily, "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink," we have pretended it is not true in education. Ask high school teachers if recalcitrant students learn anything of value. Ask teachers if these students do any homework. Quite the contrary, these students know they will be passed from grade to grade until they are old enough to quit or until, as is more likely, they receive a high school diploma. At the point when students could legally quit, most choose to remain since they know they are likely to be allowed to graduate whether they do acceptable work or not. Abolition of archaic attendance laws would produce enormous dividends. First, it would alert everyone that school is a serious place where one goes to learn. Schools are neither day-care centers nor indoor street corners. Young people who resist learning should stay away; indeed, an end to compulsory schooling would require them to stay away. Second, students opposed to learning would not be able to pollute the educational atmosphere for those who want to learn. Teachers could stop policing recalcitrant students and start educating. Third, grades would show what they are supposed to: how well a student is learning. Parents could again read report cards and know if their children were making progress. Fourth, public esteem for schools would increase. People would stop regarding them as way stations for adolescents and start thinking of them as institutions for educating America's youth. Fifth, elementary schools would change because students would find out early they had better learn something or risk flunking out later. Elementary teachers would no longer have to pass their failures on to junior high and high school. Sixth, the cost of enforcing compulsory education would be eliminated. Despite enforcement efforts, nearly 15 percent of the school-age children in our largest cities are almost permanently absent from school. Communities could use these savings to support institutions to deal with young people not in school. If, in the long run, these institutions prove more costly, at least we would not confuse their mission with that of schools. Schools should be for education. At present, they are only tangentially so. They have attempted to serve an all-encompassing social function, trying to be all things to all people. In the process they have failed miserably at what they were originally formed to accomplish. Example Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation from the Essay: Example summary: Roger Sipher makes his case for getting rid of compulsory-attendance laws in

Copyright vitamine A Essays

Copyright vitamine A Essays Copyright vitamine A Paper Copyright vitamine A Paper CONCLUSION The role of vitamin A deficiency is not limited to the initial processes involved in receiving visual stimuli. Normal functions of the photoreceptors or light-sensory receptors of the eyes largely depend on the presence of vitamin A and its metabolites within the retina. Prolonged vitamin A deficiency leads to deterioration of these structures causing impaired vision. Adequate amounts of vitamin A are required for proper eye development in embryos and maintenance of normal anatomical structures of the eye, including the conjunctiva and cornea. As a whole, deficiency in vitamin A results to major destruction of eye structures and visual functions, impairing vision and ultimately leading to irreversible blindness. Blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency remains a public health problem, especially in developing countries resulting from vitamin-A-attributed corneal scarring. There is a significant difference between causes of prevalent cases of blindness across different levels of socioeconomic statuses. Studies also emphasize the overall impact of vitamin A deficiency to child morbidity, mortality and growth. Evidently, the concern for the emotional, social and economic costs also diffuses from the problem with blindness as a disability. Serious actions must be taken to help address the situation. Further studies are needed to evaluate measures most adept to combat vitamin A deficiency in a community with regards to cost and feasibility of the program, together with the strategies to detect subclinical VAD for early management; and hopefully, restore vision among the blind.

The Merchant of Venice Act 1 Summary

'The Merchant of Venice' Act 1 Summary Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice is a fantastic play and boasts one of Shakespeares most memorable villains, the Jewish moneylender, Shylock. This Merchant of Venice Act 1 summary guides you through the plays opening scenes in modern English. Here, Shakespeare takes the time to introduce his main characters - most notably Portia, one of the strongest women parts in all Shakespeares plays. Act 1 Scene 1 Antonio is speaking to his friends Salerio and Solanio. He explains that a sadness has come over him. His friends suggest that his sadness could be due to him worrying about his commercial ventures. He has ships at sea with merchandise in them and they could be vulnerable. Antonio says he is not worried about his ships because his goods are spread between them and if one went down he would still have the others. His friends suggest that he must then be in love, Antonio denies this. Bassanio, Lorenzo, and Graziano arrive as Salerio and Solanio leave. Lorenzo says that now Bassanio and Antonio have been reunited they will make their leave but arrange to meet up later for dinner. Graziano tries to cheer Antonio up but to no avail, he tells Antonio that men who try to be melancholy in order to be perceived as wise are deceived. Graziano and Lorenzo leave. Bassanio complains that Graziano has nothing to say but just will not stop talking. â€Å"Graziano speaks an infinite deal of nothing† (Act 1 Scene 1) Antonio asks Bassanio to tell him about the woman he has fallen for and intends to pursue. Bassanio acknowledges that he has borrowed a lot of money from Antonio over the years and promises to clear his debts to him: To you Antonio, I owe the most in money and in love, And from your love I have a warranty to unburden all my plots and purposes how to get clear of all the debts I owe.(Act 1 Scene 1). Bassanio explains that he has fallen in love with Portia the heiress of Belmont but that she has other richer suitors, he just wants to try to compete with them in order to win her hand. He needs money to get there. Antonio tells him that all his money is tied up in his business but that he will act as a guarantor for any loan that he can get. Act 1 Scene 2 Enter Portia with Nerissa her waiting woman. Portia complains that she is weary of the world. Her dead father stipulated, in his will, that she herself cannot choose a husband. Portia’s suitors will be given a choice of three chests; one gold, one silver, and one lead. The winning chest contains a portrait of Portia and in choosing the correct chest he will win her hand in marriage. He must agree that if he chooses the wrong chest he will not be permitted to marry anyone. Nerissa lists suitors who have come to guess including the Neopolitan Prince, County Palatine, A French Lord and an English nobleman. Portia mocks each of the gentlemen for their shortcomings. In particular, a German nobleman who was a drinker, Nerissa asks if Portia remembers him she says: Very vilely in the morning when he is sober, and most viley in the afternoon when he is drunk. When he is best he is little worse than a man, and when he is worse he is little better than a beast. An the worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without him.(Act 1 Scene 2). The men listed all left before guessing for fear that they would get it wrong and face the consequences. Portia is determined to follow her father’s will and be won in the way in which he wished but she is happy that none of the men who have come have succeeded. Nerissa reminds Portia of a young gentleman, a Venetian scholar, and soldier who visited her when her father was alive. Portia remembers Bassanio fondly and believes him to be worthy of praise. It is announced that the Prince of Morocco is coming to woo her but she is not particularly happy about it.

Functions of Management are Evolving in Todays Business Environment Research Paper

Functions of Management are Evolving in Todays Business Environment - Research Paper Example The contemporary managers are anticipated to take lead in the development of sound business solutions, as well as the eventual development of the considered business working policies. This has been weighed against the performance policies adopted by the firm. Contemporary managers have proceeded to create an atmosphere for idea brainstorming as well as the pooling of knowledge. This attribute has been used to steer the firm towards its considered path of success. This is unlike the policies adopted by the traditional managers who were deemed as the source of the policies with the staff being anticipated to proceed with the enactment policies. The role of managers in the shaping of the ethics has been mapped along both the implementation and the oversight. The managers have been anticipated to presume the lead in the development of the respective ethics policies, as well as their implementation. The managers take the initiative of implementation the ethics policies. This allows the rest of the staff an opportunity to be considered on the benefits of the respective policies, as well as considering the contribution they stand to offer towards the bettering of the workplace. The managers allow for the development of this reflection. Additionally, the concept of illustrating the guide for the rest of the employees remain best described via the actions of the managers. The Managers allow for the reflection of the model that is anticipated to be expressed in character reflection. Additionally, the managers are anticipated to be keen on ensuring that the rest of the staff remain committed to the ethics policy adopted by the firm. This is with respect to the prospective role they presume in the guiding of the considered staff. The managers are tasked with the promotion of the adopted habits in the workplace. Ethics comprise of such habits and govern the behavior of the respective employees. The staffs operate under the guidance of the managers, hence their contribution to the shaping of the behaviors of these persons.

Securities Markets 2 (Assignment) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Securities Markets 2 ( ) - Assignment Example The parent company of CAO is China National Aviation Fuel Group Corporation (CNAF), which is the largest state owned enterprise in PRC region (Prima Professional, n.d). The parent company is a well-known aviation transportation and logistics service provider in PRC. CNAF owns 51% of total shares that are issued by CAO. The year, 2005, was not at all good for CAO, since it had to face a loss of $550 million (China Daily Information Company, 2007). The situation led to the collapse of the institution, until it was revived by its parent company. The facts that are learnt from performance of CAO, regarding valuation of derivative, are elaborated in this section (Ernst & Young Global Limited, 2014). The CAO, in the initial period of their business, â€Å"traded in over-the-counter (OTC) swaps and exchange-traded futures† for protecting their business from risks associated with procurement of oils. The company purchased and sold risk free options on behalf of airline companies, who are their clients. So, there is a good source of income for CAO from the bid-ask spread, without exposing the company to vitality of the oil markets. During the third quarter of 2003, the company started to conduct options trades as speculators for earning profit from constructive market movements, which was observed in the oil-related commodities market. The company had started trade on the belief that oil prices will move upward. The trading strategy indicated purchase of call option and sale of put option simultaneously (Amato and Gyntelberg, 2005). Thus, it created a synthetic long position in the oil market, without purchasing the commodity outright. When price of the oil increased, the ca lls, which were purchased earlier, exercised at a profitable rate. The puts were not exercised and the company profited from premiums, which were collected from the options at the time of sale (IBS Case Development Centre, 2010). The put that were sold in the security market were not

Energy Efficient Building Design Strategies For Hot Climates Construction Essay

Energy Efficient Building Design Strategies For Hot Climates Construction Essay This research discusses energy efficient design strategies of traditional houses in Iraq (hot-arid climate), climatic design techniques and potentials for renewable energy systems that can be implemented in the contemporary residential design techniques in order to offset the absence of produced energy (due to current economic and political issues) and help decreasing demand for electricity, which is used extensively to overcome the indoor thermal discomfort during the harsh summer seasons. A comparison between traditional Baghdadi house (Hosh), which existed before the discovery of oil, and a contemporary house design option is to be made to evaluate the thermal performance of both options in this climatic zone in order to adapt more energy efficient design strategies; and also to integrate features for sustainable building design and potentials to implement renewable energy systems. A simulation modeling is to be used to conduct analysis of energy efficient design strategies, namely relating to building envelope, size and direction, ventilation, shading elements, and using renewable energy systems in order to present recommendations that helps in consequential energy offset while preserving comfort. Keywords: Introduction Examining the energy demand in such region, buildings, with particular reference to residential houses, are one of the most significant energy-sensitive entities (Al-ajmi Hanby, 2008). It is stated that buildings consume over half of all electricity and one-third of natural gas (Yilmaz, 2007). Reduction of energy consumption in residential buildings is a major aim worldwide and is a particular challenge in this region for the reasons mentioned previously (Al-ajmi Hanby, 2008). Therefore, sustainable design strategies are of great importance nowadays in order to reduce energy consumption in residential buildings. One may say that sustainability was already a driving force in the past, showing its validity in those days in different forms and techniques. Therefore, problems and precautions in design and construction did not change fundamentally, although a lot of development was seen in materials and technology. Of course, these developments may have had some negative effects (Yilmaz, 2007). Energy efficient design strategies for traditional houses in such climate are significantly different from each other as it can be easily seen in the traditional design (Yilmaz, 2007). Description of Problem Area Energy consumption is becoming more and more important in todays world because of a possible energy shortage in the future. Efficient use of energy has become a key issue for the most energy policies (Yilmaz, 2007). In regions where hot-arid climatic zone is prevailed, practically in Iraq, present economic and political circumstances have become the main reasons that led to a significant energy shortage although Iraq has a spare operational capacity of oil supply in comparison with other countries around the world. A significant need for new energy efficient design strategies and developed buildings construction standards in this area has become essential in order to offset the absence of produced energy and help decreasing demand for electricity, much of which is consumed in air conditioning systems, which is used extensively to overcome the indoor thermal discomfort during the harsh summer seasons (Al-ajmi Hanby, 2008). Conceptual Framework Figure (1) provides a diagram of the conceptual framework that has devised for this research. The proposed research study into traditional and contemporary building design systems will rely on an experimental research strategy in the positivist system of inquiry (developed design strategies). The research will attempt to establish a comparison (Groat and Wang, 2002, P. 254) between a treatment (independent variable) and an outcome (dependent variable) through the evaluation of measured results. Figure (1) Conceptual diagram of the research variables (Groat Wang, 2002) Research Questions Do traditional houses perform better than contemporary ones? Why? Is it feasible to use traditional design strategies in contemporary houses? How could we achieve a sustainable building design in such climatic zone? Do we need new or developed strategies in order to achieve sustainable building design in such climatic region? What if we integrate renewable energy systems into traditional house design? Project Goals and Specific Objectives The purpose of this research is to: Make a comparison and evaluation of thermal performance of residential houses (traditional vs. contemporary) in Iraq (hot-arid climate) in order to adapt more developed and energy efficient design strategies. Integrate new trends for sustainable design in residential houses in this area. Potentials to implement renewable energy systems. This research is achieved through the following: Extensive overview of the antecedent literature in the area of energy efficiency and thermal building performance in such climatic zone. Identify the most effective strategy from the literature that can be applied in order to develop more energy efficient design strategies. Un-wrap issues of energy efficiency, building performance and sustainable design systems. Use a simulation modeling as a tactical tool to make comparison between contemporary and traditional building design systems and energy performance in order to investigate the thermal characteristics and energy savings for both building designs using different strategies and also potentials to integrate sustainable features using renewable energy system. Test outcome results and write a research report accordingly which combines my understanding of the relevant theory and previous research with the results of my empirical research. Literature Review The literature review is structured around the key concepts of significance of energy efficient design strategies, thermodynamics of hot-arid climates, Inventory of traditional design elements in hot-arid climate and energy simulation methods. These key concepts have led to the research questions and the proposed methodology for this research proposal. See figure1 for the map of literature reviewed. Figure () Map of sources reviewed Figure () Research Literature Review Diagrammatic (Groat Wang, 2002) Building Design Strategies Climatic Building Strategies Research by Ochoa Capeluto (2008) states a quick review of design strategies for different climatic zones. This is necessary to examine when and how design strategies should be considered, particularly during design process. Climatic building strategies in hot climates differ from those of cold ones, For example, in cold climates heat collection and storage is essential, and ventilation must be limited for the same reasons. Short daytime and low radiation levels in winter make maximum penetration of natural light to be desired. On the other hand, in hot climates heat must be excluded, the amount of relative humidity controlled, and the thermal mass cooled usually through natural ventilation during the night. Daylight penetration must be carefully managed using control devices (see figure 1) (as cited in Ochoa Capeluto, 2008, Building and Environment, P.1830). Figure (1) Building strategies for cold and hot climates (Ochoa Capeluto, 2008). Optimized Building Envelope A building envelope is a skin that separates between the interior and the exterior of a building. It serves as the outer shell to protect the indoor environment as well as to facilitate its climate control (controlling heat transfer between building layers). The study by Danny Harvey (2009) reviews the literature concerning energy efficiency that can be achieved through optimized building envelope. According to Danny Harvey (2009), The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on: (1) The insulation levels in the walls, ceiling, and other building parts; (2) The thermal properties of windows and doors; and (3) The rate of uncontrolled exchange of inside and outside air which, in turn, depends in part on the air tightness of the envelope (infiltration/excitation) (Energy Efficiency, P. 141). Reducing the Cooling Load Energy conservation and climatic design techniques that can be implemented in residential houses in this area (hot-arid climate) are useful for reducing cooling energy consumption (Al-Temeemi, 1995). Danny Harveys (2009) research found the following: Reducing the cooling load requires: (1) Orienting a building to minimize the wall area facing directions that are most difficult to shade from the sun; (2) Clustering buildings to provide some degree of self shading (as in many traditional communities in hot climates); (3) Providing fixed or adjustable shading; (4) Using highly reflective building materials; (5) Increasing insulation; (6) Using windows that transmit a relatively small fraction (as little at 25%) of the total (visible + invisible) incident solar energy while permitting a larger fraction of the visible radiation to enter for daylighting purposes; (7) Utilizing thermal mass to minimize daytime interior temperature peaks; (8) Utilizing night time ventilation to remove daytime heat; and (9) Minimizing internal heat gains by using efficient lighting and appliances. The combination of external insulation, thermal mass, and night ventilation is particularly effective in hot-arid climates, as placing the insulation on the outside exposes the thermal mass to cool night air while minimizing the inward penetration of daytime heat into the thermal mass (Energy Efficiency, P. 141). Passive cooling techniques By using the above measures to reduce the thermal load of the building, other techniques requires small inputs of mechanical energy to optimize passive cooling processes (Danny Harvey, 2009). Danny Harveys (2009) research discussed the following major passive cooling techniques: Passive ventilation Passive ventilation reduces the need for mechanical cooling by directly removing warm air when the incoming air is cooler than the outgoing air, reducing the perceived temperature due to the cooling effect of air motion and increasing the acceptable temperature through psychological adaptation when the occupants have control of operable windows. Passive ventilation requires a driving force, and an adequate number of openings, to produce airflow. It can be induced through pressure differences arising from inside-outside temperature differences or from wind. Design features, especially traditional, that create thermal driving forces and/or utilize wind effects include courtyards, atria, wind towers, solar chimneys, and operable windows. Passive ventilation not only reduces energy use, but can improve air quality and gives people what they generally want. In buildings with good thermal mass exposed to the interior air, passive ventilation can continue right through the night, sometimes more vigorously than during the day due to the greater temperature difference between the internal and external air. Night time ventilation, in turn, serves to reduce the cooling load by making use of cool ambient air to remove heat (as cited in Danny Harvey, 2009, Energy Efficiency, P.142). Evaporative cooling Danny Harveys (2009) study further discussed the following in terms of producing evaporative cooling techniques: Evaporation of water cools the remaining liquid water and air that comes into contact with it. The coldest temperature that can be achieved through evaporation is called the wet-bulb temperature and depends on the initial temperature and humidity (the higher the initial humidity, the less evaporation and cooling that can occur). There are two methods of evaporative cooling the air supplied to buildings. In a direct evaporative cooler, water evaporates directly into the air stream to be cooled. In an indirect evaporative cooler, water evaporates into and cools a secondary air stream, which cools the supply air through a heat exchanger without adding moisture. By appropriately combining direct and indirect systems, evaporative cooling can provide comfortable temperature-humidity combinations most of the time in most parts of the world. Evaporative cooling is most effective in dry regions, but water may be a limiting factor in such regions. However, arid regions tend to have a large diu rnal temperature range, so thermal mass with external insulation and night ventilation can be used instead (Energy Efficiency, P.142). Influence of Energy Efficient Design Strategies on Design Stages The architectural design process is iterative and moves from the abstract (definition of massing, orientation, and image) to the specific (lighting control, mechanical ventilation type) (as cited in Ochoa Capeluto, 2008, Building and Environment, P.1830). At the design stage, key decisions taken by architects can significantly influence potentials to optimize building efficiency. These include decisions affecting the selection of building components. According to Ochoa Capeluto (2008), As it advances and more specialists are called in to solve details, earlier decisions, which could have an enormous influence on the building performance, are expensive and harder if not impossible to change (Building and Environment, P.1830). Other influential factors unrelated to climatic strategies must be taken into account. For example, a certain orientation that is bad for energy consumption might define how well the building performs (Ochoa Capeluto, 2008). However, it would require an Integrated Design Process (IDP), in which the design process optimizes the building performance by involving all members of design-making team from the beginning. The importance of an Integrated Design Process (IDP) on building systems approach Danny Harveys (2009) study found the following: The systems approach requires an Integrated Design Process (IDP), in which the building performance is optimized through an iterative process that involves all members of the design team from the beginning. However, the conventional process of designing a building is a largely linear process, in which the architect makes a number of design decisions with little or no consideration of their energy implications and then passes on the design to the engineers, who are supposed to make the building habitable through mechanical systems (Energy Efficiency, P. 140). The steps in the most basic IDP are: to consider building orientation, form, and thermal mass to specify a high-performance building envelope to maximize passive heating, cooling, ventilation, and daylighting to install efficient systems to meet remaining loads to ensure that individual energy-using devices are as efficient as possible and properly sized to ensure the systems and devices are properly commissioned By focusing on building form and a high-performance envelope, heating, and cooling loads are minimized, daylighting opportunities are maximized, and mechanical systems can be greatly downsized (Danny Harvey, 2009). Thermodynamics of Hot-Arid Climates Any consideration to energy efficiency applications or design strategies in any climatic zone requires examining of thermodynamics and human comfort. In his Text Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples, With Reference to Hot Arid Climates, the author demonstrates properties of energy that must be considered in order to fully understand climatic phenomena. Heat, radiation, pressure, humidity, and wind, among other factors, interact mutually to establish microclimatic conditions appropriate to hot-arid climatic (Fathy, 1986). According to Fathy (1986), the following are some of these basic concepts applied to hot-arid climates: Thermal gain Solar radiation is the principal source of heat in hot-arid zones, and this heat can be transmitted during the day to the building interior in a number of ways. The most important is by conduction of the absorbed solar radiation through the walls or roof at a rate determined by the thermal conductance (or thermal resistivity) of wall components. (The relationship involving the incoming and reflected solar radiation absorbed and re-emitted heat and heat gain is shown in figure 2 below for the case of a typical white painted surface). Figure (2) (Fathy, 1986) Heat gain can also be caused by ventilation. The rate of gain is dependent on the ventilation rate. Ventilation heat gain can be avoided by restricting the size of openings, especially during the heat of the day. The other sources of heat gain are the inhabitants of the building themselves and household equipment such as electric lights and appliances. These sources, unlike the solar radiation, can contribute heat even at night (see figure 3) (Fathy, 1986). Figure (3) Modes of heat transfer (Fathy, 1986) Thermal loss Heat is lost by conduction through the walls, by exactly the same process that it is gained from the direct solar radiation once it has been absorbed by the surface or through the roof by a combination of convection and conduction. Ventilation is also another mode of heat loss. Evaporation from the surface of the building or from objects within the interior can produce a cooling effect on the building which acts as a source of heat loss. In hot arid climates, this can be a particularly effective cooling mechanism since the rate of evaporation in dry air is very high. Figure 3 also shows the modes of heat loss (Fathy, 1986). Cooling by evaporation Evaporative cooling is used for cooling in hot dry areas (such as in Iraq, where the people place against the windows panels of dried desert plants, which are kept moist by water dripping from perforated pipes positioned above them) (Fathy, 1986). Dynamic thermal equilibrium The heat gained by the building can be expected to be balanced by the heat lost and an internal temperature distribution thus established. These temperatures are dependent on the outside temperature and the ratio of the heat gained to the heat lost and can be adjusted by regulating the sources of heat gain and loss. Before examining the systems and devices that have been developed to do this in the hot arid zones, it is first necessary to have an idea of the heat-regulating mechanism of the human body and the microclimatic conditions for human comfort. Table (1) Heat gain and loss processes for the human body (Fathy, 1986). Mechanism Gain Process Loss Process Metabolism Basal heat production Digestion Activity Muscle tensing and shivering in response to cold Radiation From solar radiation-direct and reflected To surrounding air From radiation by radiators Conduction From air above skin temperature (increased by air movement) To air below skin temperature From warmer bodies in contact To cooler bodies in contact Evaporation From respiratory tract From skin covered with perspiration or applied water Conditions of human comfort A convenient standard for thermal comfort is required. Analysis shows that a variety of factors can be involved in situations of discomfort. For example, temperature alone does not determine discomfort. In Athens, 32  °C is quite bearable, but it is generally intolerable in Bahrain. The difference is due entirely to the relative humidity of the atmosphere. In Bahrain the air is very humid and perspiration evaporates slowly, decreasing the bodys ability to lose heat. In Athens, with its dry air, the evaporation rate is high and perspiration evaporates quickly lowering body temperature. The factors that have been identified as standard for thermal comfort within buildings are: air temperature, air humidity, rate of air movement, level of radiation, and rate of heat production by the bodies of people in the building [4]. Inventory of design elements for traditional housing design in hot-arid climates Building materials The materials surrounding the occupants of a building are of prime importance for protection against heat and cold. Considering an external wall exposed to a high outside air temperature and a lower inside air temperature (see figure 4), the rate of heat flow transmitted through the wall from the outside air to the inside air is proportional to the air temperature difference, area of the wall, and rate of global heat transmittance that can be determined from an analysis of the components of the total resistance to heat flow. The total resistance is composed of the resistance to heat flow through the material, the interfacial resistance at the external surface, and the interfacial resistance at the internal surfaces. Since the interfacial resistances are determined primarily by temperature conditions over which the builder has little control, his principal effect on the heat transmittance is on changing the resistance to heat flow through the wall material (Fathy, 1986). Figure (4) (Fathy, 1986) Table 2 lists the thicknesses of walls composed of various construction materials needed to achieve coefficients of approximately 1.1 kcal/hm ²C °. The mud brick is most appropriate for achieving thermal comfort in addition to being widely available to all segments of the population (Fathy, 1986). Table (2) Thicknesses of walls of different material (Fathy, 1986) Wall Material Wall Thickness Thermal Transmittance (in m) (in in) (in kcal/ hm ²C °) Hollow brick block 0.30 12 1.10 Double-wall brick with holes and 8-cm cavity 2 x 0.12 2 x 4.7 1.12 Brick wall with holes 0.38 15 1.03 Sand-lime brick 0.51 20 1.25 Hollow block sand-lime brick 0.51 20 1.16 Lime 0.51 20 1.10-1.35 Concrete 1.00 39 1.20 Orientation In hot climates, the sun is the major source of heat. The position of the sun must be determined for all hours of the day at all seasons as well as the direction of the prevailing winds, especially during the hot season. In addition, for an ensemble of buildings forming a sector, there will be reflection from adjacent buildings and wind screening by clusters of buildings, which contribute to a specific microclimate for each location in the sector. Wind movement and humidity also are important and should be considered simultaneously with the direct and indirect effects of the sun. The main objective is to establish the optimum orientation with regard to the sun and the prevailing wind (Fathy, 1986). Shading Generally, a building with a facade opening to the west is the worst case encountered in hot-arid climate, owing to the heat gain of the surrounding environment during the day and the angle of altitude, which allows the suns rays to penetrate into the interior. Openings Window openings normally serve three functions: to let in direct and indirect sunlight, to let in air, and to provide a view (Fathy, 1986). The venetian blind One device which can be added directly to the window is the venetian blind. This blind is made of small slats, about 4-5 cm wide, closely set in a wooden frame at an angle that will intercept the suns rays. The slats are often movable so the angle can be changed. This feature of adjustability renders venetian blinds very useful in regulating solar radiation and wind flow into rooms. Using the venetian blind, the suns rays can be blocked out without obstructing the breeze, which generally blows from the northwest in most hot arid areas like Iraq. As shown in figure 5a, changing the position of the blind alternatively by to block the direct sunlight, the wind is redirected uselessly over the heads of the occupants, as figure 5b illustrates. Also, if the slats are made of metal, they then absorb some incoming radiation and reradiate it into the room as heat (Fathy, 1986). Figure (5) (Fathy, 1986) The Shanshool or Mashrabiya This was a cantilevered space with a lattice opening, where small water jars were placed to be cooled by the evaporation effect as air moved through the opening. The name is used for an opening with a wooden lattice screen composed of small wooden balusters that are circular in section and arranged at specific regular intervals. The shanshool has five functions. These functions involve: (1) controlling the passage of light, (2) controlling the air flow, (3) reducing the temperature of the air current, (4) increasing the humidity of the air current, and (5) ensuring privacy. Its cooling and humidifying functions are closely related. All organic fibers, such as the wood of a shanshool readily absorb, retain, and release considerable quantities of water. Wind passing through the interstices of the porous-wooden shanshool will give up some of its humidity to the wooden balusters if they are cool, as at night. When the shanshool is directly heated by sunlight, this humidity is released to any air that may be flowing through the interstices. This technique can be used to increase the humidity of dry air in the heat of the day, cooling and humidifying the air at a time when most needed. The balusters and interstices of the shanshool have optimal absolute and relative sizes that are based on the area of the surfaces exposed to the air and the rate at which the air passes through. In addition to these physical effects, the shanshool serves an important social function: it ensures privacy from the outside for the inhabitants while at the same time allowing them to view the outside through the screen (Fathy, 1986). Table (3) Summary of architectural elements of traditional building in Iraq (hot-arid climate), as they have been common from the 13th to the end of the 19th century. Retrieved from http://www.brainworker.ch/Irak/architecture.htm Oda: the simple room Tarma: open balcony with pillars Ursi: most probably from russi, russian. The most important room of the house, as at the same time you may see, but not been seen as much as in a tarma, ivan or talar. Its separated from the tarma by a window-wall from colored glasses, without door. Those were the masterpieces of Baghdadi carpentry. Talar, a usable open room behind the tarma. The difference to the iwan is, that it cant be entered directly from the rooms beside it. Is separated from the tarma by additional pillars. Iwan(or Liwan), a room behind the tarma or adjacent tot the inner courtyard, that is on one side open. Hosh, the central courtyard, often with a fountain in the middle. sirdab, the cellar, that did not only serve as store, but   as cooling hall and for the provision of cool air through the badgir-sirdab-system. neem, a cellar that is only half buried. Mostly with one window. During the hot summer nights the roof was and is used in Baghdad for sleeping. The high value of privacy demanded, that no house was higher than the others, so that nobody was able to look down on his neighbors roof. kabishkan: The Penthouse, from where one is able to control all the house. Often those rooms have been placed like eyries in all four corners of the inner courtyard.   The roof If the outdoor air temperature is higher than the indoor temperature, the outer surface of the roof exposed to the sun is heated as it absorbs radiation, and, being in contact with the outside hot air, also is heated by conduction. The roof then transmits this heat to the inner surface, where it raises the temperature of the air in contact with it by conduction. At the same time, it radiates heat that is absorbed by people and objects indoors, thereby affecting thermal comfort. In hot arid countries, since the air temperature drops considerably during the night, the inhabitants have arranged the roof architecturally into loggias or open galleries and lightweight roof covers. These loggias and roof covers have the double function of shading the roof during the day and providing physiologically comfortable living and sleeping spaces at night (Fathy, 1986). Figure (6) Different types of roofing in hot-arid climates (Fathy, 1986) The wind-escape The technique of using the suction caused by low air-pressure zones to generate steady air movement indoors is used in the design of the wind-escape. The funnel and side tube used to illustrate the Bernoulli effect or Venturi action (see figure 7) are transposed into the structural elements of an architectural design in order to accelerate air movement and to create drafts in places with no exposure to the outside, such as basements in Iraq. This concept can be applied more advantageously in designs for use above ground. The wind-escape can accelerate effective ventilation and air circulation when used with other devices for air movement such as windows, doors, and the malqaf or wind-catch (Fathy, 1986). Figure (7) Bernoulli Effect (Fathy, 1986) The malgaf In hot arid zones, a difficulty is found in combining the three functions of the ordinary window: light, ventilation, and view. Therefore, it is necessary to satisfy the three functions ascribed to the window separately. To satisfy the need for ventilation alone, the malqaf or wind-catch was invented. This device is a shaft rising high above the building with an opening facing the prevailing wind. It traps the wind from high above the building where it is cooler and stronger, and channels it down into the interior of the building. The malqaf thus dispenses with the need for ordinary windows to ensure ventilation and air movement. The malqaf is also useful in reducing the sand and dust so prevalent in the winds of hot arid regions. The wind it captures above the building contains less solid material than the wind at lower heights, and much of the sand which does enter is dumped at the bottom of the shaft. In the areas of An-Najf and Al-Kufa in Iraq, where air temperature is very high in summer, people live in basements ventilated by small holes in the ceiling and a malqaf with a very small inlet. Figure 8 shows plans and the section of a residence with a basement from this region. However, as the airflow is small and the air circulation is insufficient, this design is unhealthy and a possible cause of lung diseases. In some designs, the drafts from the malqaf outlet are cooled by passing over water in the basement. Figure (8) The Malgaf (Fathy, 1986) The Bà £dgir-sirdab In Iraq (hot-arid climate)and the countries of the Gulf, a specific type of malqaf called the bà £dgir was developed. The system badgir-sirdab was a cheap, environmentally friendly and energy saving solution to create an acceptable cl

Earth Science Final

Describe the difference in stellar evolution of stars the size of our sun with that of stars 4+ times larger than our sun. Include all of the steps and the causes of each step. A nebula, an immense cloud of hydrogen gas and dust, condenses into smaller regions of matter. On occasion, one of these regions collapses under the force of its own gravitational attraction, often triggered by an outside force, like a nearby supernova-an explosion of a star. After the collapse of a cloud, atoms begin gravitating together to form a condensed center.The condensed center is a protestor. As gravity pulls in more gas and dust, pressure builds, causing the protestor core to heat up. Clouds and matter begin to rotate around the protestor and flatten due to their rotation. They surround the protestor like a rotating disk. The protestor continues to grow and its core continues to heat. When the core is hot enough, nuclear fusion begins. The start of nuclear fusion is technically the beginning of a sta r's life. Eventually, when the nuclear energy runs out, the star dies.Depending on the size and mass of the star, it can go through many stages and die in different ways-one of those ways being a supernova. . Choose a region or landscape, describe the landforms in it, the drainage pattern, how the geology influenced the landscape, and the sacrificial processes that influenced it as well. Much of the region of western New York State north of the Pennsylvania border has dendrites drainage because rock layers are flat and there are few faults or folds to divert streams.A region that has prominent parallel and perpendicular faults, repeated folds, or a strong rectangular Jointing pattern will display a rectangular drainage pattern. Anoints are cracks in bedrock along which no significant movement has occurred. They may be related to expansion or regional forces acting on bedrock. ) Streams seek the lowest areas of folds, fractured rocks along faults, or the weakest surface bedrock locat ions. Annular drainage is a pattern of concentric circles that are connected by short radial stream segments.This type of drainage occurs in an eroded dome A radial drainage pattern resembles the spokes of a wheel. Streams flow away. Climate is the other major factor in landscape development. A humid climate favors chemical weathering, which produces rounded, less angular landforms. Most of the hill slopes of New York State are rounded and gentle because f the relatively humid climate. A moist climate also allows plants to grow and protect soil from erosion. Desert areas sometimes have a stepwise profile, with flat hilltops and terraces separated by steep escarpments.The climate of New York State does not change very much from place to place. All of New York has a moist, temperate, mid-latitude climate. Therefore the landscape differences in New York State are not the result of differences in climate. The variations seen in the New York landscape are caused by geological factors. 6. Link Ocean currents and the weather conditions of 3 specific regions. In each case, describe how the weather patterns of the place are influenced by one or more ocean currents.Winds, water density and tides all drive ocean currents. Coastal and sea floor features influence their location, direction, and speed. Earth's rotation results in the Acropolis Effect which also influences ocean currents. Similar to a person trying to walk in a straight line across a spinning Merry-Go-Round, winds and ocean waters get deflected from a straight-line path as they travel across the rotating Earth. This phenomenon causes ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere to veer to the right ND in the Southern Hemisphere to the left.Rica, Chile lies within one of the driest regions on Earth called the Tacoma Desert. Ocean currents keep clouds and fog Just off the coast, so most rain falls into the nearby ocean. Dethroned, Norway has a temperate climate. Summers and winters are remarkably mild for their l atitude. Rainfall is very heavy. The local harbors are free of ice most of the winter. Seattle, Washington has a mild climate with temperatures moderated by the sea and protected from winds and storms by the mountains. This area is often cloudy with light rain.

Essay about Lit1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 - 2862 Words

Sole Proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the most common form of business in the United States. It is a relatively simple way for an individual to start a business since legal costs and business requirements are minimal, and the owner has complete control over the business. Though a sole proprietor is not responsible for any corporate tax payments, the owner is responsible for taxes incurred on the income generated from the business as part of his or her personal income tax payments, and personally shoulders any other risks or obligations. A sole proprietor may also choose to file their business under a fictitious business name or a DBA (doing business as), allowing him or her to operate and market the business under a more typical†¦show more content†¦Liability All liabilities are the responsibility of each partner. In the event of litigation, any creditors can go after the personal assets of each partner to recover any debt owed. But since liability is spread out between the owners, one may feel less risk is being taken. 2. Income Taxes General partnership may also benefit from pass-through taxation, meaning the partners are taxed like sole proprietors. Business income is reported on the personal tax filing while business losses can be deducted to reduce personal tax liability. The partnership itself is not subject to federal income tax. However the partnership needs to file an information return utilizing the IRS Form 1065. 3. Longevity or continuity of the organization Once the partnership agreement is fulfilled, the general partnership may dissolve. A buy/sell agreement may be included in the articles of the partnership to allow the partnership to continue, in the event a partner withdraws from the group. Similar to sole proprietorship, general partnerships tend to have a difficult time rounding up funding and resources, since most of the necessary capital comes from each partners personal assets. This in turn may hinder longevity and growth of the organization. 4. Control In a typical general partnership, all partners will have equal rights and control over the business. It allows any partner to act on behalf of the business to make decisions and negotiation withShow MoreRelatedLit1 Task 310.1.2-01-062176 Words   |  9 Pages1      Part A Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship is a form of business that is owned by a single individual.   †¢ Liability – Due to the lack of legal distinction between the owner and the business, the owner is fully responsible and liable for all debts that the business incurs in the same manner that an individual is fully responsible and liable for all debts that they incur. There is no legal distinction between the assets of the owner of the sole proprietorship and the business; thisRead MoreLit1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Essay examples1487 Words   |  6 PagesLIT1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Part A Sole Proprietorship - †¢ LIABILITY – There is no separation between the individual and the business. As the owner and operator of a sole proprietorship, all of the profit and loss is the personal responsibility of the business owner creating unlimited liability. †¢ INCOME TAXES – As a sole proprietor all business income or losses must be reported as personal income tax. The business itself is not taxed separately. †¢ LONGEVITY/CONTINUITY – The sole proprietorshipRead MoreLit1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Essay2863 Words   |  12 PagesIdentified with letters LLC can include various types of members including a corporation, partnership, or multiples of each. There are many laws that have to be understood at the federal level as well as at the state level when forming an LLC. The actual task of forming an LLC is simply the actions of creating a charter and operating agreement for the business. The tax status structure of a partnership and the limited liability of a corporation make an LLC a favorable choice for business entrepreneurs. Read MoreWGU LIT1 Task 310.1.2-01-063823 Words   |  16 PagesPart A (The Report) Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship is the most common form of forming a business in the United States. The individual that forms the sole proprietorship and the business is one in the same. For example, if the business owes creditors money, the individual who created the sole proprietorship business has to pay the bill. When entering into contracts the individual is actually agreeing to the contract since the person and business is one in the same. The biggest advantageRead MoreStudy Notes for Task 11269 Words   |  6 Pages†ºAdd account Sign out Settings LIT1 Task1.pdfAdd to DriveEdit onlineDownload originalShareFileViewHelp SUBDOMAIN 310.1 - BUSINESS LAW Competency 310.1.2: Organizational Forms - The graduate can select the appropriate form of organization for a business. 310.1.2-01: Differentiate between a sole proprietorship and general partnership. 310.1.2-02: Differentiate between a general partnership and a limited partnership. 310.1.2-03: Identify the distinguishing characteristicsRead MoreLit1 Task a Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesLIT1: Task 310.1.2-01-06 Task A Sole proprietorship 1. Liability * An owner has unlimited liability both personally and as the company owner. Liability is a disadvantage in a sole proprietorship. 2. Income taxes * The owner is responsible for filing taxes and is allowed to file taxes as part of their personal income taxes. 3. Longevity * This depends completely on the owner and there continued ability to operate the business. The operation of the business can be significantlyRead MoreSample Resume : Business Management1551 Words   |  7 PagesNatasha Rodas LIT1 Task 310.1.2-01-06 Part A Sole Proprietorship – As a sole proprietor, you own your business solely; no other interested parties are involved. †¢ LIABLITY – The business is controlled and operated solely by the individual, and all profit/loss is the responsibility of the business owner; creating unlimited liability. †¢ INCOME TAXES – All business income/expenses are to be reported as personal income tax; not taxed separately. †¢ LONGEVITY/CONTINUITY – Once the business owner is

The Road Not Taken Analysis Essays - 5699 Words

The Road Not Taken Analysis Author: Poetry of Robert Frost | | Mountain Interval1916Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a†¦show more content†¦Third, its almost as if a coin could be flipped to make the decision, because, as (3) shows, the choices are nearly identical. The person could have flipped a coin or do some other arbitrary technique, but he decides to personally make the choice. Fourth, I get a sense of regret about not being able to take the other road and also not being able sometime in the future to go back and take the other road. This is logical I think because of the similarity between the roads. This may be what with a sigh is referring to, since it is just one line below the doubted line. I like this meaning because it kind of fits. In the future, hes still lamenting that he hadnt been able to take the other road, which would have led to much a different result. Fifth, when does this contemplation take place? Ages and ages hence. That is, when one is much older and new choices are not available. Putting this all together, there are many things a person could become: for example, go one way and you might become a teacher; go another way and you might become a writer. Both are good things to become and you can understandably wonder how things might have turned out, if you had made that other choice. When you make the choice, at that time, you may not see a major difference between the two options. But the choice that you made is decisive. It determines your future. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Complete Text Two roads diverged in a yellow wood And sorry I couldShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken Analysis987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Road Not Taken Analysis The Road Not Taken is a poem written by Robert Frost. This poem is a great candidate to be one of the world s best and this analysis will unveil why it is so. The poetic devices used in the poem bring forth its deeper meaning which ultimately resonates with the reader s emotions. However not only this poem is great because of the literary experience it gives but it is also beautiful on a simple structural level. First lets look at the structural aspectRead MoreThe Road Not Taken Analysis1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe Road Not Taken As I read and analyzed this poem I became aware that it is indeed a great poem and that the reader must dig deep in order to find the true message of the poem. Careful readers shall not be tricked. The Basic Subject of the Poem The poem starts off with the title â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† At first sight this title could be used as foreshadow that the following poem will be about making a mistake, not making the right choice (not taking the right road) therefore establishing aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken 808 Words   |  4 PagesApril 25, 2016 Poetry Analysis â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh/Somewhere ages and ages hence:/Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--/I took the one less traveled by†¦Ã¢â‚¬  these are famous lines from a classic poem written by Robert Frost. The poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† was one of many poems written by Frost. This well-known poem is about the struggle of a traveler decision between two routes he could take. It has both literal and metaphorical meaning; the roads can also symbolize twoRead MoreAnalysis of Frosts The Road Not Taken717 Words   |  3 PagesThe Road Not Taken The Road Not Taken (1916) is one of Robert Frosts most famous poems in which he presents the personal conflicts that he may have had to overcome throughout his lifetime to get to where he is. Frost is able to gain insight and inspiration from the natural surroundings that have helped to guide him and shape who he is. In the poem, the narrator is traveling down a road when he comes upon two roads diverged in a yellow wood (Frost, 1916, 1). It can be argued the road heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken 849 Words   |  4 Pageswill have to be made, and the outcome can sometimes be life-changing. When making a conscientious decision, one commits oneself to follow the right path. This fate presents itself in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† poem, and is present in the poetic piece of Blanche Farley’s â€Å"The Lover Not Taken.† A large percentage of the stanzas in each poem harmonize each other, and they both use similar words. For example, in the first stanza of each poem and be one traveler, long I stood (Frost), and andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken 1191 Words   |  5 Pages The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is about how the author himself has come to a split in a path while walking in the woods without a map. Th e season is fall, and the leaves are turning red and yellow. He isn’t sure which way he should go, and he wishes he didn’t have to choose and could go both ways. He looks down one path as far as he can see, but he then decides to take the other. The path he decides to take is not quite as worn as the other one, the leaves are freshly fallen with no foot prints orRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreAn Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1800 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction Robert Frost is one of the best known poets in American history, and his poem, The Road Not Taken is among the most well-known of all his poems. Frost places a great deal of emphasis on nature in his writing, as he was a lover of the countryside. He based many of his poems on the New England scenery, which was his home for most of his life. I chose this particular poem because I have enjoyed the readings we have done so far of his work and The RoadRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Analysis1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, is a poem that has many meanings depending on the reader. The poem was published in 1916 and it is a very interesting poem. It’s a fairly short poem consisting of only 20 lines, and it is full of metaphors and imagery and it has many ways that it can be interpreted. The poem’s use of imagery leaves the reader trying to figure out what Frost meant when he wrote the poem. Since it is a poem, i t generally has no correct way to interpret it, but it usuallyRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost: An Analysis811 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction On the surface of it, The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost presents a narrator who is remembering a journey through the woods, and the person making this journey came into a position where two roads were diverging. So the challenge presented in the poem is, which road should the narrator take, and why? Frost claimed that his poem was a parody of a poem by his friend, poet Edward Thomas, but others have had very different explanations for The Road Not